Besides, the aspect of host–pathogen interaction in infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria and HIV were also reviewed in this study.Ī representative chess pieces during the ‘checkmate’ for iron (Fe). Using the same strategy as research model, we compare and discuss the ‘army in battle array’ employed by both human host and invading bacteria and their characteristics in biological context. Overall, the ultimate aim of the game is: (1) to protect the king (2) not to lose the pieces carelessly as each of them are valuable and (3) to make sure all the pieces take part in defending the opponent. The board game consists of sixteen pieces each sides a king, a queen, two rocks, two knights, two bishops and eight pawns. The opposing pieces are designated white and black, lined up on either side initially, which in this scenario represented by the human host (white pieces) and invading bacteria (black pieces) as shown in Fig. In general, chess is a well-known two-player abstract strategy board game played on a chequered chessboard consisting 64 squares arranged in an 8 × 8 grid. In this review, a chess game analogy was used to understand the interaction between human host and invading pathogen in the battle for obtaining iron for their survival. According to Virulence Factor of Pathogenic Bacteria (VFDB), iron acquisition systems among medically significant bacteria have tremendously evolved in recent years. However, some microorganisms such as Streptococcus sanguis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum utilize manganese in the place of iron. Iron is the fourth most abundant element on the Earth, approximately 32% of the planet’s mass it is a crucial micronutrient for all forms of life including humans, other vertebrates, and pathogens.
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